OPINION

CLAY, Circuit Judge.

Defendant Joe Edward Webb pleaded guilty to drug offenses in two different cases. Based on his status as a career offender and a belief that the career offender guideline range was excessive and improper in this case, the district court sentenced Defendant to the pre-Fair Sentencing Act ("FSA"), Pub.L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372 (2010), crack cocaine mandatory minimum sentence of 240 months imprisonment. Defendant later filed a motion under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) for retroactive application of the new Sentencing Guidelines in effect after passage of the FSA. The district court found that Defendant was entitled to seek a reduction of his sentence and subsequently resentenced Defendant to 188 months for each count in the first case and for the second case. The government now appeals the district court's resentencing, claiming that the district court lacked the authority to reduce Defendant's sentence pursuant to § 3582(c)(2).

For the reasons that follow, we REVERSE the district court's order and REMAND with instructions to reinstate the initial sentence.

I.

BACKGROUND

A. Charges and Plea Agreement

Defendant was charged in two different cases for various drug-related offenses. On February 25, 2009, Defendant was charged in the first case with seventeen counts, including charges of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute fifty grams or more of a mixture and substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base and conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute a quantity of a mixture and substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine, both in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846, as well as additional counts related to cocaine possession and distribution. On January 14, 2010, Defendant was charged in a second case with attempt to possess and distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. The government filed an information for both cases, recommending an enhancement for a prior drug conviction. The following day, Defendant entered guilty pleas in the first case for the first two counts charging him with conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of cocaine base and conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine and in the second case for attempt to possess with intent to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine, all in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. Defendant acknowledged in his plea agreement that he would face a mandatory minimum sentence of twenty years as to the first count and a minimum of ten years under the information in the second case. At the time, Defendant agreed to provide substantial assistance to the government, and the government agreed to file a motion for downward departure in the event that Defendant fulfilled his promise to cooperate. See U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1; 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e).

B. Initial Sentencing Hearing

The sentencing hearing, which was originally scheduled for April 12, 2010, was continued a number of times until January 3, 2011. Before the hearing actually occurred, Congress passed the FSA, which raised the amount of cocaine required for triggering the mandatory minimum sentence for crack cocaine offenses from 5 grams to 28 grams and from 50 grams to 280 grams. Pub.L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372. Additionally, Congress directed the Sentencing Commission to lower the accompanying offense levels for quantities of cocaine base.

In preparation for the sentencing hearing, the government filed a notice on December 28, 2010, explaining that Defendant had violated the plea agreement by failing to provide substantial assistance as originally promised. Therefore, in this notice, the government indicated that it would not file a motion for a downward departure due to Defendant's failure to comply with the terms of the guilty plea.

The probation office prepared a final presentence report ("PSR"), which considered the lowered offense level under the FSA. The PSR determined that the total offense level was 36, the criminal history level was IV, and the resulting sentencing range was 188 to 235 months. However, based on Defendant's two previous criminal convictions for robbery and sale of a controlled substance, the probation office stated in the final PSR that Defendant qualified as a career offender as defined in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, and as a result, his offense level was 37.1 The PSR then adjusted the level to 34 for acceptance of responsibility pursuant to U.S.S.G. §§ 3E1.1(a), (b). Ultimately, the probation office recommended a total offense level of 34 and a criminal history category of VI, yielding a sentencing range of 262 to 327 months.

During the sentencing hearing, the district court reviewed the PSR and found that the guideline range was, in fact, 262 to 327 months, stating as follows:

(R. 87, 1/3/2011 Partial Tr. of Sentencing Hr'g, at 259-60.)2 Shortly thereafter, the district court again stated that "[t]he Guideline range here ... is 262 to 327 months." (Id. at 261.) However, the district court also found that the career offender guideline range was excessive and stated the following:

(Id. at 263-64.) As a result, the district court varied the sentence downward to the pre-FSA mandatory minimum for a crack cocaine offense — from a range of 262 to 327 months to 240 months.3 The district court issued its judgment on January 6, 2011.

C. Resentencing

On July 19, 2012, Defendant filed a pro se motion pursuant to § 3582(c)(2) to obtain retroactive application of the new Sentencing Guidelines for crack cocaine offenses. The probation office prepared a supplement to the PSR, and the district court directed the government to file a response to the supplement. The government filed responses in opposition to the motion, and the district court appointed a federal public defender to represent Defendant in the matter. Through counsel, Defendant filed supplemental motions for relief under § 3582(c)(2), and the government once again filed its responses.

The district court found that Defendant was entitled to seek a reduction on Count One of the first case because the court did not base Defendant's sentence on the career offender guidelines. The court stated as follows:

(R. 92, Mem. and Order, at 356-57 (internal citation omitted).) However, at that time, the court found that Defendant was not eligible for a sentence reduction for the second count in the first case or for the second case because those charges did not involve crack cocaine and instead concerned powder cocaine, sentences to which the FSA did not apply.4 In a separate order, the district court requested that the probation office recalculate the offense level under the FSA. The probation office's supplemental PSR accounted for the FSA's new mandatory minimum sentence for the crack cocaine offense, which was reduced from twenty years to ten years.

At the resentencing hearing held on April 11, 2013, the district court resentenced Defendant for both counts in the first case and for the second case. The district court discussed the rationale for resentencing:

(R. 106, 4/11/2013 Tr. of Resentencing Hr'g, at 459.) Therefore, the district court based resentencing on the FSA and the Sentencing Commission's amendments to the crack cocaine guidelines. The district court replaced the previous sentences with a 188-month prison term for each count in the first case and for the second case. Each of the sentences would run concurrently and would be followed by a period of supervised release.

The government objected to the reduced sentences as procedurally and substantively unreasonable and filed a timely notice of appeal in each of the cases.

II.

DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

Generally, "[a] motion for modification made under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) is reviewed for an abuse of discretion." United States v. Carter, 500 F.3d 486, 490 (6th Cir.2007). "A district court abuses its discretion when it relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, applies the law improperly, or uses an erroneous legal standard." United States v. Pembrook, 609 F.3d 381, 383 (6th Cir.2010). When applying an abuse of discretion standard, "[t]his Court should reverse the district court's decision only if it is `firmly convinced that a mistake has been made.'" United States v. Moore, 582 F.3d 641, 644 (6th Cir.2009) (quoting McCombs v. Meijer, Inc., 395 F.3d 346, 358 (6th Cir.2005)).

However, "[w]e review the district court's determination of the defendant's eligibility for a sentence reduction de novo." United States v. Smith, 658 F.3d 608, 611 (6th Cir.2011). See also United States v. Johnson, 569 F.3d 619, 623 (6th Cir.2009) ("Where ... the district court does not simply decline to use its authority under § 3582(c)(2) but instead rules that it has no authority to reduce the defendant's sentence under the statute, the district court's conclusion ... is reviewed de novo."). In that situation, "[t]he question becomes whether the district court lacked authority to modify the defendant's sentence," which is a question of law. United States v. Payton, 617 F.3d 911, 913 (6th Cir.2010). See also United States v. Baylor, 556 F.3d 672, 673 (8th Cir.2009) ("Whether the district court properly determined it had the authority to modify a sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) is a legal question reviewed de novo"); United States v. Rhodes, 549 F.3d 833, 837 (10th Cir.2008) ("The scope of a district court's authority in a resentencing proceeding under § 3582(c)(2) is a question of law that we review de novo"); United States v. Caraballo, 552 F.3d 6, 9 (1st Cir.2008) ("[T]his case requires us to determine ... whether the district court had authority to act under section 3582(c)(2). That is purely a question of statutory interpretation... [which] engenders de novo review."). Therefore, this Court applies de novo review to determine whether the district court had authority under § 3582(c)(2) to reduce Defendant's sentence.

B. Sentence Reductions Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)

As this Court has repeatedly acknowledged, "[g]enerally speaking, once a court has imposed a sentence, it does not have the authority to change or modify that sentence unless such authority is expressly granted by statute." United States v. Curry, 606 F.3d 323, 326 (6th Cir.2010); see also United States v. Thompson, 714 F.3d 946, 948 (6th Cir. 2013). Section 3582(c)(2) provides such a statutory exception. Under § 3582(c)(2), a court may reduce a defendant's prison sentence if the defendant

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). Therefore, the statute "does not authorize a sentencing or resentencing proceeding." Dillon v. United States, 560 U.S. 817, 825, 130 S.Ct. 2683, 177 L.Ed.2d 271 (2010). Instead, the statute grants district courts the authority to reduce "an otherwise final sentence in circumstances specified by the Commission." Id.

A district court follows two steps when determining whether a sentence reduction is appropriate. First, the district court determines the defendant's eligibility for a sentence reduction. Thompson, 714 F.3d at 948. A defendant must meet two conditions to be eligible for resentencing: "(1) the defendant [must] ha[ve] been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission; and (2) such reduction [must be] consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission." United States v. Riley, 726 F.3d 756, 758 (6th Cir.2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). Next, if the court determines that the defendant is eligible for a sentence reduction, "[t]he court may then `consider whether the authorized reduction is warranted, either in whole or in part, according to the factors set forth in § 3553(a).'" Thompson, 714 F.3d at 949 (quoting Dillon, 560 U.S. at 826, 130 S.Ct. 2683).

C. Defendant's Sentence was Not "Based On" a Sentencing Range Subsequently Lowered by the Sentencing Commission

To qualify for a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(2), Defendant must have been sentenced under a sentencing range that was subsequently lowered by the Sentencing Commission. "In determining whether a sentence was based on a subsequently lowered guideline range in a plain-meaning sense of the words, we must consider whether the original sentence was, in fact, based on such a range...." United States v. Hameed, 614 F.3d 259, 264 (6th Cir.2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). "To ask whether a particular term of imprisonment is `based on' a Guidelines sentencing range is to ask whether that range serves as the basis or foundation for the term of imprisonment." Freeman v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 2685, 2695, 180 L.Ed.2d 519 (2011) (Sotomayor, J., concurring); see also Thompson, 714 F.3d at 949 (recognizing that Justice Sotomayor's concurrence is the narrowest, and therefore controlling, opinion in Freeman). To make this determination, this Court "look[s] to `what the district court actually said and did at the original sentencing.'" Hameed, 614 F.3d at 264 (quoting United States v. Hargrove, 628 F.Supp.2d 241, 244 (D.Mass.2009)).

Although the parties disagree as to the applicability of Freeman and the appropriate approach to "based on," it is irrelevant in this case. Regardless of which standard applies, the district court did not refer to the crack cocaine guidelines during the sentencing hearing and therefore did not base the sentence on the crack cocaine sentencing guidelines. The district court explained in its Memorandum and Order dated February 14, 2013, that "[a]s the sentencing hearing transcript makes clear, this court rejected the Career Offender guideline range of 262 to 327 months and, instead, sentenced the defendant to the statutory minimum mandatory term for the crack cocaine charge of 240 months." (R. 92, Mem. and Order, at 356-57.) What the district court appears to have done at the sentencing hearing was find that the career offender guidelines were applicable, disagreed with their application to this defendant, and varied downward to the pre-FSA crack cocaine mandatory minimum, without making reference to the crack cocaine guidelines or the disparity between crack and powder cocaine sentencing.

The career offender guidelines were not subsequently lowered, and therefore, § 3582(c)(2) cannot apply to provide a sentence reduction for Defendant. See Thompson, 714 F.3d at 949-50 (holding that where the district court varied downward from the career offender guidelines without making reference to the crack/powder disparity or the crack cocaine sentencing guidelines, the sentence was still "based on" the career offender guidelines, not some other guidelines that were subsequently reduced by the Sentencing Commission); United States v. Scott, 523 Fed.Appx. 370, 371 (6th Cir. 2013).

Even if Defendant's sentence was improperly "based on" the pre-FSA mandatory minimum for crack cocaine, this is still insufficient to give the district court authority to grant the resentencing motion under § 3582(c)(2). Although Defendant was sentenced after the FSA's enactment and therefore the new mandatory minimums were already in effect, "the Sixth Circuit has held that a defendant who is sentenced by reference to a statutory minimum, rather than the Sentencing Guidelines governing crack cocaine offenses, cannot appeal to the retroactive amendments to the crack cocaine guidelines as a basis for relief under § 3582(c)(2)." United States v. Redding, No. 04-80057, 2013 WL 3745890, at *1 (E.D.Mich. July 16, 2013) (citing United States v. McPherson, 629 F.3d 609, 611-12 (6th Cir.2011)). As the en banc Court explained in United States v. Blewett, § 3582(c)(2) "applies only to sentencing ranges decreased by the Sentencing Commission in accordance with § 994(o). In the Fair Sentencing Act, Congress, not the Sentencing Commission, lowered these mandatory minimum criminal penalties." 746 F.3d 647, 656 (6th Cir.2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).5 Therefore, even if Defendant's sentence was based on the pre-FSA crack cocaine mandatory minimums, Defendant is ineligible for a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(2) because his sentence was not "based on" a sentencing range that was subsequently lowered.

D. No Amendment to the Guidelines had the Effect of Lowering the "Applicable Guideline Range"

During the resentencing hearing and in its Memorandum and Order, the district court stated that it based Defendant's sentence on the crack cocaine guideline range, despite never making such a statement during the initial sentencing hearing. This Court does not generally consider a district court's post-sentencing clarification of a defendant's sentence when making the "based on" determination. Instead, this Court considers "what the district court actually said and did at the original sentencing." Hameed, 614 F.3d at 264 (internal quotation marks omitted). However, even assuming that Defendant's ultimate sentence was "based on" the crack cocaine guideline range in § 2D1.1, the sentence must also be consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission. See Dillon, 560 U.S. at 819, 130 S.Ct. 2683. The policy statement contained in § 1B1.10(a)(2) states as follows:

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(2). A defendant's "applicable guideline range" is not necessarily the sentencing range upon which his sentence was "based" under the first prong of the § 3582(c)(2) analysis. Rather, the Guidelines commentary defines "applicable guideline range" as "the guideline range that corresponds to the offense level and criminal history category determined pursuant to § 1B1.1(a), which is determined before consideration of any departure provision in the Guidelines Manual or any variance." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 cmt. n. 1(A); see also United States v. Pembrook, 609 F.3d at 384 (finding that "applicable guideline range" means a "defendant's pre-departure guideline range").6 Therefore, if a district court varies downward from the initially calculated sentencing range to some other range, the ultimate sentence may be "based on" the latter range, but the "applicable guideline range" remains the original pre-departure range.

In this case, Defendant's "applicable guideline range" was and is the guideline range pursuant to § 1B1.10(a), "which is determined before consideration of any departure ... or any variance." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 cmt. n. 1(A). Before the district court varied downward, Defendant's applicable guideline range was his career offender range of 262 to 327 months. The district court acknowledged during the resentencing hearing that "the range with the career enhancement is the proper place to start because [Defendant] does qualify as a career offender." (R. 106, 4/11/2013 Tr. of Resentencing Hr'g, at 459 (emphasis added).) Even assuming that Defendant's ultimate sentence was "based on" the crack cocaine guideline in § 2D1.1, he qualified as a career offender and his "applicable guideline range" has not changed. The retroactive amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines changed the drug quantity tables in § 2D1.1, but they made no changes to the career offender provision in § 4B1.1. See United States v. Tillman, 511 Fed.Appx. 519, 521 (6th Cir. 2013) (explaining that "[a] defendant whose sentence is based upon the career offender sentencing guideline cannot benefit from Amendment 750 because that amendment did not lower the career offender sentencing guidelines range"); United States v. Reeves, 717 F.3d 647, 650 (8th Cir.2013) ("Because Reeves was sentenced under the career offender provision, Amendments 750 and 759, which modified the drug quantity provision, are irrelevant.").

Defendant's applicable guideline range is the career offender range of 262 to 327 months. Because that range has not been lowered by any amendments to the Guidelines, a reduction in Defendant's sentence fails to meet the second prong of the eligibility determination under § 3582(c)(2).

III.

CONCLUSION

The district court erred by finding it had the authority under § 3582(c)(2) to reduce Defendant's sentence. The original sentence was not based on a sentencing range that was subsequently reduced and no amendment to the Guidelines had the effect of lowering Defendant's "applicable guideline range." Therefore, because the district court lacked authority to grant Defendant's motion for resentencing, we REVERSE the district court's order and REMAND with instructions to reinstate the initial sentence.

BERNICE B. DONALD, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

In January 2010, Joe Edward Webb pleaded guilty to one count of attempted possession with intent to distribute and two counts of conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846. In his plea agreement, Webb acknowledged that his entry of a guilty plea on the count charging him with conspiracy to distribute fifty grams of cocaine base ("crack-cocaine") would subject him to a mandatory-minimum sentence of twenty years' imprisonment. (R. 51, Pg. ID #83-84). The plea agreement also indicated, however, that Webb had entered into a cooperation agreement whereby the Government would file a motion for a below-minimum sentence of 180 months under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) in exchange for Webb's substantial assistance. (R. 20, Pg ID #95-96).

In the months that followed, the Government sought several continuances to delay Webb's sentencing hearing (R. 52-67). After having delayed Webb's sentencing hearing for almost a year, the Government ultimately notified the district court, in December 2010, that it would not file a motion for a downward departure in Webb's case after all, as he had failed to provide substantial assistance. (R. 68).

Meanwhile, in the period between Webb's entry of the guilty plea and his sentencing hearing, Congress passed the Fair Sentencing Act ("FSA"), which amended the framework for mandatory-minimum sentences in crack-cocaine cases. Pub.L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372.1 Under the new statutory framework promulgated by the FSA, Webb's conviction yielded a lesser mandatory-minimum sentence of ten years' imprisonment, rather than the twenty-year minimum referenced in the plea agreement. (R. 92, Pg ID #356-57).

After the passage of the FSA, a circuit split emerged as to whether defendants like Webb — whose convictions stemmed from conduct prior to its passage but who were sentenced after the FSA's enactment — should benefit from its more lenient mandatory minimums. At the time of Webb's sentencing hearing, in January 2011, the prevailing case law in this Circuit, established by United States v. Carradine, 621 F.3d 575, 580 (6th Cir.2010), held that defendants like Webb should be sentenced in accordance with the mandatory minimums in effect at the time of the offense, irrespective of the FSA's enactment.

The Supreme Court eventually resolved the post-FSA circuit split and abrogated Carradine in Dorsey v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 2321, 183 L.Ed.2d 250 (2012), by holding that the more lenient penalties in the FSA applied to all defendants sentenced after its effective date. Id. at 2326; see also United States v. Hogg, 723 F.3d 730, 732 (6th Cir.2013) (explaining that Dorsey abrogated Carradine by holding that all defendants sentenced after the FSA's passage were entitled to "the `new, more lenient' statutory penalties ... for crack cocaine offenses [even if the relevant offense conduct predated its enactment]."). Because the Supreme Court had yet to decide Dorsey when Webb was sentenced, however, the district court was bound by Carradine, which required it to apply the pre-FSA minimum in his case. When the district court declined to apply the career-offender guidelines recommended in Webb's PSR, it therefore reverted to the pre-FSA mandatory-minimum penalty of twenty years' imprisonment, rather than applying the post-FSA minimum of ten years, as Dorsey would later require.

Based on the foregoing, Webb filed a motion for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582, arguing that he was entitled to a lower sentence in light of Dorsey. (R. 85). The district court granted the motion and resentenced Webb to 180 months. The Government appealed the district court's order, arguing that it lacked authority to grant Webb's motion for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) because Webb's previous sentence was not based on a guidelines range that had "subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission."

As the majority correctly observes, the district court's determination as to whether Webb was eligible for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582 is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. I agree with the majority's overview of the relevant inquiry in determining whether any particular defendant is entitled to resentencing under that statute and I agree with its conclusion that Webb is not entitled to relief thereunder, because his sentence was not based on a guidelines range that has since been amended. I disagree with the majority's conclusion, however, that Webb's sentence was based on the career-offender guidelines. The district court expressly declined to adopt the PSR's recommendation that Webb be sentenced in accordance with the career-offender guidelines because Webb was only fourteen when he committed one of the offenses that triggered his career-offender status. Having rejected the PSR's recommendation under the career-offender guidelines, the district court then sentenced Webb to the pre-FSA mandatory-minimum.

Because Webb was sentenced to a pre-FSA mandatory minimum after the statute's enactment, he is clearly entitled to a sentence reduction under Dorsey. His motion for a sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582, however, is not the proper procedural vehicle for seeking that relief, since that statute only applies to individuals who were sentenced under the guidelines. See United States v. Passmore, 503 Fed.Appx. 340, 342 (6th Cir.2012) (explaining that 18 U.S.C. § 3582 does not apply to individuals who were sentenced in accordance with statutory minimums), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 968, 184 L.Ed.2d 751 (2013). Where a defendant's claim of entitlement to a reduced sentence is based on a new retroactive decision of the Supreme Court, the proper procedural vehicle for seeking a sentence reduction is a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. See id. Therefore, because Webb's eligibility for a lower sentence is based on the Supreme Court's decision in Dorsey, 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is the proper avenue for obtaining the relief he seeks.

In other cases where inmates have filed a motion under 18 U.S.C. § 3582 that should have been filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, district courts have construed such motions liberally as § 2255 motions. See Hughlett v. United States, No. 1:13 Civ. 204, 1:10 Cr. 84, 2013 WL 5728733 (E.D.Tenn. Oct. 22, 2013) (denying relief pursuant to Dorsey under § 3582(c)(2) but granting motion under § 2255); accord United States v. Little, No. 10-20170, 2013 WL 5819629 (E.D.Mich. Oct. 29, 2013); see also United States v. Bennett, No. 3:10 Cr. 84, 2013 WL 170333 (W.D.N.C. Jan. 16, 2013). Due to the potential consequences of treating any motion as a § 2255 motion (because it may foreclose the availability of relief on other issues under § 2255 in the future), the district court is in a much better position to determine whether taking a liberal view of Webb's § 3582 motion is appropriate in this case. Accordingly, I would REMAND to the district court so that it may determine whether Webb's motion for a sentence reduction should be construed as a motion under § 2255. I would further instruct the district court to permit Webb to re-file his current motion under § 2255, based on his eligibility for relief under Dorsey.